Justinian

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375 tons. 86’4” x 28’7” x 12’3”. (Not sure what this measurement is.)

14 September 1787 – Launched by Peter Everitt Mestaer, King and Queen Dock, Rotherhithe for Hamilton & Co., Captain Benjamin Maitland. (Hackman, p.134)

West Indies

9 October 1787 – Registered. No.522/1787. Owners: William Bateman of Chatham Place, Blackfriars, wharfinger; John Harsthorne, sailmaker of Wapping; David Young the Elder, of Burr St., Wapping, merchant; sub’g owners with Justinian Casamajor of St Mary Axe, merchant; Sir James Laroche, Bart., of Bristol; John Perry, shipbuilder of Blackwall; Robert Collier of St Mary Axe, merchant; Edward Gales, ropemaker of Shadwell; John Dixon, mastmaker of St Catherine’s; Joseph Menetone, shipbuilder of Ratcliffe Cross; John Walker, ship chandler of Wapping and Christopher Stephenson, merchant of Shadwell. Master: David Young, Junior. Built at Blackwall on the River and launched 14 September 1787. 3 decks, 3 masts. 118’8” x 29’ x 5’7”. 379 tons. Square sterned ship with flush deck and a coach and pierced for 20 guns. Quarter gallery. Figurehead of a woman. (BT107/8)

12 October 1787 – Navigation Licence. No.4927. 379 tons, 2 guns. David Young Jr., 19/6 crew. To West Indies. (ADM7/106)

1 October 1788 – Registered. No.285 of 1788. Owners: Robert Collier of St Mary Axe, merchant; John Hartshorn of Wapping, sailmaker; David Young of Burr Street, Wapping, mariner; sub’g owners with Justinian Casamajor of St Mary Axe, merchant; Sir James La Roche, Bart., of Bristol; John Perry, shipbuilder of Blackwall; Edward Gale of Shadwell, rope maker; John Dixon of St Catherine’s., mastmaker; John Menetone, shipbuilder of Ratcliff Cross; John Walker of Wapping, ship chandler; David Young Jr of Shadwell, mariner. Master: David Young. 3 decks, 3 masts. 118’8” x 29’ x 5’7”. 379 tons. Square sterned ship with flush deck and a coach and pierced for 20 guns. Quarter gallery. Figurehead of a woman. (BT107/8)

6 October 1788 – Navigation Licence. No.6445. 379 tons, 2 guns. David Young. 19/6 crew. To Antigua. (ADM7/106)

She had left England with a cargo for Jamaica around the same time as the Lady Juliana, landed it, loaded afresh with sugars, which she returned to London. She was then hired as a transport, loaded, and sailed for New South Wales, arriving around the same time as the Lady Juliana.

Botany Bay and China

11 November 1789 – Contract with William Hamilton, with a charter party with the East India Company to freight home tea from China. (HRNSW 2:39)

- The Navy Board awarded the contract for the NSW stores to Mr Hamilton’s Justinian, being the nearest in size, and considered overall to be the cheapest. They agreed with him at the price of 15/6 per ton per month. It was on condition that he would agree to copper her, and that she would be acceptable to the surveyors of the East India Company. Let a Charter Party be drawn accordingly. (ADM106/2631)

12 November 1789 – Bowen to Navy Board. In obedience to their directions, he had been on board the Justinian. Her Chief Mate informed him that she was not copper fastened & she appeared a smaller ship than Mr Hamilton represented to the Board. By register she was only 371 tons, which he thought was too small for the stowage of the articles left out. She was very low between decks, which was bad for stowing teas. He begged to observed that the Alexandre was a much finer ship, and she was copper bottomed and copper fastened, 400 tons by her register and only three years old, and well calculated for stowage. She would stow at least 60 tons more tea than the Justinian and was ready to receive goods at a moment’s notice. (ADM106/243)

17 November 1789 – Bowen to Navy Board. He had inspected the Justinian in company with the officers of the Deptford Yard and the surveyors of the East India Company, [and] found she would be a fit ship to carry stores & provisions to NSW and bring teas from China, when fitted in the usual manner of transports. At present she was fitted with large accommodation for passengers – four double state rooms each side reaching from the great cabin to the mainmast, which takes up a great part of the stowage of the between decks. It was the opinion of the Deptford Officers, as well as his own, that these store rooms should be taken down for the accommodation of the cables & ship’s company. However, the owner objected to this. If the Board agreed, they could be converted (by taking the bed places out) into bread room, sail room and ship’s store rooms, without much prejudice to the storage. Otherwise, those store rooms must be built below & consequently take considerably from the stowage both on the outward and homeward voyage. (ADM106/243)

18 November 1789 – Deptford Officers to Navy Board. They had surveyed the Justinian and found her fit for the Transport Service. She had been built about two years before at Blackwall, with 3 decks for the West Indies trade. Mr Bowen and they were of the opinion that three of the foremasts and 4 double cabins in the steerage on each side, built for passengers, should be taken down to allow for stowage. The owner objected. (ADM106/3407/377)

19 November 1789 – Navy Board to Deptford Officers. The Justinian was to be manned by the owners, with nine men and boys to each 100 tons out, and eight men and boys on her return home. She was to be fitted in every respect agreeable to the East India Company’s charters for ships bringing tea from China, for which purpose, directions would be given by her surveyor. (ADM106/2347/133a or 266)

- Deptford Officers to Navy Board. In obedience to their directions of 16th instant, she had been surveyed and measured and they found her fit for service. 39725/94 tons. 2 years old. 4’10”, 4’10”, 4’11” and 5’9”, 6’1”, 6’4” between decks. No Master mentioned. Built at Blackwall, 3 decks, bottom sheathed in wood and copper in the manner of East India ships. They proposed to undock and come down the latter end of the week. If the charter differed from those for usual transports, they asked for a copy. (ADM106/3407/377-8; ADM106/3365/64a)

20 November 1789 – The Deptford officers responded to the Navy Board’s correspondence of the previous day signifying the complement of men and boys and that the Justinian was to be fitted in every respect agreeable to the East India Company’s charter for ships to bring home teas from China. Directions had been given accordingly to the surveyor. They desired to know, prior to the ship coming to Deptford, whether any survey was to be undertaken by them – without this they could form no opinion as to value, directed to be reported in the Navy Board’s correspondence of the 16th. (ADM106/3365/65; ADM106/3407/378; ADM106/2631)

- The Navy Board advised the Deptford officers that they were to value her in the best manner from the information they could acquire in fitting her. (ADM106/2631)

24 November 1789 – Deptford officers to Navy Board. The Justinian was manned agreeable to the East India Company’s charter and was ready to receive her lading yesterday. And when the extra stores were on board they would take a particular account of the whole and transmit a valuation. (ADM106/3407/379-380; ADM106/3365/65)

16 December 1789 – Registered. No.319 of 1789. Owners: William Hamilton and Michael Peter Touray of Mincing Lane, merchants; John Hartshorn of Wapping, sailmaker; sub’g owners with John Perry, shipbuilder of Blackwall; Edward Gale of Shadwell, ropemaker; John Dixon of St Catherine’s, mast maker; Joseph Menstone of Ratcliff Cross, ship builder; John Walker of Wapping, ship chandler and David Young Jr., of Burr St., Wapping, mariner. Master: Benjamin Maitland (until 26 January 1792, when Hugh Stephenson was endorsed). Built at Blackwall in 1787. 3 decks, 3 masts. 118’8” x 29’ x 5’7”. 379 tons. Square sterned ship with flush deck and a coach and pierced for 20 guns. Quarter gallery. Figurehead of a woman. (BT107/8)

17 December 1789 – Navigation Licence. No.8609. 379 tons, 2 guns. Benjamin Maitland. 27/9 crew. To Botany Bay & China. (ADM7/108)

1789 – Measured by the EIC’s Master Attendant. 3 decks. 108’ x 28’7”. 10 ports on both the middle and upper decks on each side. 3758/94 tons. Built by Mestaers on the Thames. (L/MAR/C/529) The EIC accepted her measured tonnage as 401 tons for this voyage. (IOR/L/MAR/C/325) She was coppered on this voyage. (IOR/G/12/100, p.81)

[In December 1790, an anonymous note in the Colonial Office files described her as coppered and a fast sailer. (CO202/5/71)]

21 December 1789 – The Justinian sailed from Deptford with the several articles mentioned in Mr Bowen’s letter of the 15th. (ADM106/2631 under 22 December)

29 December 1789 – Lloyd’s List reported that the Justinian, Maitland, sailed from Gravesend. (LL, 1.1.90)

30 December 1789 – Deptford officers to Navy Board, enclosing valuation. Benjamin Maitland was the Master. 397 tons. Valuation of £5430, including furniture and stores. (ADM106/3407/389)

1 January 1790 – Lloyd’s List reported she sailed from the Downs. (LL, 5.1.90)

First Leg

17 January 1790 – Departed Falmouth. (Collins)

20 January 1790 – Departed Falmouth. (Tench)

She stopped one day at Madeira.

2 February 1790– Sailed from Madeira. (CO202/5/71)

St Iago

She remained four days here.

Second Leg

As she approached the Sydney Heads she ran into a storm which almost wrecked her.

Somewhere on the voyage, she encountered the French ship that had taken up the longboat of the Guardian. Learning of her fate, Maitland resolved to press on to Port Jackson without touching at the Cape. (Bradley, p.210)

Arrival

20 June 1790 – Arrived at Port Jackson. (Phillip to Nepean, 6 August 1790, CO201/5/200)

19 July 1790 – Cleared of her stores, except for those that were to be taken to Norfolk Island.

NSW to China

28 July 1790 – The Justinian sailed for Norfolk Island, China and England. (Easty, p.118; Phillip to Nepean, 6 August 1790, CO201/5/200)

8 August 1790 – Bradley reported her calling at Norfolk Island.

30 August 1790 – Sailed for China (Bradley)

China

27 October 1790 – The Scarborough, Justinian and Lady Juliana anchored at Whampoa. (IOR G/12/98, p.69; IOR G/12/99, p.81)

With the exception of the Lady Juliana, the Botany Bay ships had arrived unexpectedly, so that the committee of supercargoes had no documentation other than the charterparties and instructions brought by the Captains. In the absence of such documentation, they resolved to take them into service on the same terms as the First Fleet ships. (Committee to Court of Directors, 7 January 1791, IOR G/12/98, pp.118-119)

The log of the Marquis of Lansdown reported that four ships from Botany Bay had anchored at Whampoa. (IOR L/MAR/B/373B)

31 October 1790 – The Quan Che Fou measured the following ships:

 Surprize		Munqua is her security
 Justinian		Puan khequa is her security
 Scarborough		Chowqua is her security
 Lady Juliana		Shykinqua is her security (IOR G/12/98, p.72)

3 November 1790 – The ‘measurage’ of the Surprize, Justinian, Scarborough and Lady Juliana. The Justinian:

 Broad – 22
 Long – 59.6
 Measurage – Tales 655,600
 Present – Tales 1950,000

Security was provided by Puan Khequa. (IOR G/12/99, p.15)

Lloyd’s List of 21 May 1791 reported the following ships at China:

 Surprize, Amstie
 Justinian, Maitland
 Scarborough, Marshal
 Lady Juliana, Aitkin
 Neptune, Trail (LL, 21.5.91)

12 November 1790 – The Canton supercargoes appointed Captains John Woolmore and Essex Henry Bond to survey the five Botany Bay ships:

"To Captains John Woolmore & Henry Essex Bond (sic).

"Gentlemen,

"We request that you will repair on board the ships, Lady Juliana, Justinian, Scarborough, Surprize and Neptune, taking with you your carpenters & caulkers, and after holding a survey on the said ships, report to us your opinion whether they are in a proper state to receive cargoes for Europe on account of the Hon’ble Company." (IOR G/12/98, pp.83-84)

17 November 1790 – The supercargoes read a letter from Woolmore and Bond:

"The Scarborough is the only ship as yet in condition to receive the Hon’ble Company’s cargo. The Surprize was not ready for our survey, the Justinian, Lady Juliana and Neptune’s lower decks, waterways, spirketings, mast wedges etc not being sufficiently well caulked, are not yet in condition." (IOR G/12/98, p.85)

Throughout the period when these ships were at Canton, there were ongoing disputes with the Chinese merchants over the quality of the tea being supplied.

6 December 1790 – 125 chests of Bohea packed at Pinqua’s for the Justinian, and 75 chests for the Lady Juliana. This is the first mention of tea being packed for the Second Fleet ships. (IOR G/12/99, p.39)

21 December 1790 – No shipping off this day due to a great festival with the Chinese. (IOR G/12/98, p.109)

11 January 1791 – The Committee received the following letter from Benjamin Maitland:

"Not being able to procure money for bills on the Honorable Company, I request for the present you will supply me with one thousand dollars for the use of the ship Justinian." (IOR G/12/98, p.121)

By the Justinian’s charterparty, a copy of which Maitland had submitted for inspection, "and the only document we have to prove she is chartered to the Hon’ble Company", they noted the Commander was to draw bills on the Company for the disbursements of his ship. "And the Agent on the part of government engages to deposit the amount on or before the Bills may become due." The Committee agreed to advance the money, "taking his receipt for the same, in the same manner as the other ships from Botany Bay". (IOR G/12/98, p.122)

24 January 1791 – The Committee came to the resolution to send on board the Lord Walsingham, Surprize, Justinian, Scarborough and Lady Juliana, 100 chests of Bohea tea & 200 on the Neptune. They were concerned from the great scarcity of Congo that they should be under the necessity of loading the Henry Dundas exclusively with Bohea. (IOR G/12/98, p.132)

31 January 1791 – Supercargoes made payments to Captain Aitkin of the Lady Juliana and Captain Maitland of the Justinian on account, both Tales 705,889. (IOR G/12/99, p.128)

– Minerva, Barwell, Francis, Marquis of Lansdown, Royal Charlotte, Belmont, Hillsborough, Royal Admiral, Osterly, Triton, Hindoostan and Admiral Sir Edward Hughes sailed. (IOR G/12/98, p.135)

6 February 1791 – The trade opened again this day (possibly after Chinese New Year) and it was appointed the last shipping day in private trade for: Surprise, Justinian, Scarborough and Lady Juliana. For the Neptune, it was to be the 20th. (IOR G/12/98, p.152)

18 February 1791 – No shipping due to a Chinese festival. (IOR G/12/98, p.154)

19 February 1791 – Captain Maitland informed the supercargoes that the Justinian would require 530 chests of Singlo to complete her loading. (IOR G/12/98, p.155)

23 February 1791 – The Justinian was loaded. (IOR G/12/98, p.156)

27 February 1791 – Supercargoes made payments to Captain Aitkin (Tales 705,882), Captain Maitland (Tales 352,941) and Captain Marshall (Tales 494,117). (IOR G/12/98, p.162; IOR G/12/99, p.148)

12 March 1791 – At 7am, the supercargoes dispatched the following ships: Lord Thurlow, Woodcot, Earl Talbot, Earl of Abergavenny, Ceres, Belvedere, Surprize, Justinian, Scarborough, Lady Juliana, Lord Walsingham, Neptune, Henry Dundas. (IOR G/12/98, p.165; IOR G/12/99, p.191)

The Justinian sailed with the following:

 4,131 peculs of black teas
 8171 peculs of green teas and
 200 nankeens.

The cargo was worth Tales 71,213,240. Of the teas:

 Bohea – 609,16 peculs
 Best Bohea – 1,556,69 peculs
 Congo – 1,084,23 peculs
 Singlo – 497,76 peculs (IOR G/12/99, pp.153 & 160-161)

The Justinian would be paid for 401 measured tons at £10 per ton and 140 surplus tons at £5 per ton. (IOR L/MAR/C/325)

China to England

20 March 1791 – The Justinian sailed with: HMS Leopard and Thames, Abergavenny, Belvedere, Walsingham, Ceres, Henry Dundas, Neptune, Surprize, Woodcot, Talbot, Juliana, Scarborough and Lord Thurlo. (Anstis, Journal of the Surprize, IOR L/MAR/B/447B & C)

21 March 1791 – The five Botany Bay ships sailed in a convoy with the Earl of Abergavenny, Lord Thurlow, Ceres, Earl Talbot, Woodcot, Henry Dundas, Lord Walsingham, Belvedere, under the protection of HMS Leopard, 50 guns, and HMS Thames, 32 guns. (LL, 19.8.91)

[The entries from Anstis describe the voyage of the Surprize, and give an idea of sailing conditions and progress.]

14 April 1791 – 7am: The Commodore made the signal to anchor. The convoy at anchor next Pulo Ling. (Anstis)

[Over the next few days, they anchored and made sail a number of times – the reasons are not clear.]

18 April 1791 – 3pm: Commodore made signal to anchor. (Anstis)

25 April 1791 – Set the royals. (Anstis)

29 April 1791 – AM: Anchored at Angra (or Angree) Point. Watering. (Anstis)

30 April 1791 – Completed watering. (Anstis)

2 May 1791 – Signal to officers to repair on board their ships. (Anstis)

3 May 1791 – Made sail. (Anstis)

4 May 1791 – Straits of Sunda. (Anstis)

5 May 1791 – Saw Princes Island. (Anstis)

6 May 1791 – The Royal Navy vessels parted company from the fleet. (LL, 19.8.91)

- PM: Parted company with the Leopard and Thames. Captain Thompson of the Lord Thurlo was now Commodore. (Anstis)

- AM: Thompson signalled for an officer from each ship. (Anstis)

16 May 1791 – AM: Saw a strange sail. (Anstis)

17 May 1791 – PM: The strange sail was the Carnatic from London.

- AM: Thompson made the signal for all commanders. Based on information from the Carnatic, the different ships of the convoy were to make the best of their way to St Helena. (Anstis)

18 May 1791 – AM: 8 sail in sight. (Anstis)

- 11am: Surprize reported the last sight of Neptune and Scarborough. (Anstis)

20 May 1791 – AM: The Surprize lost sight of the Justinian to the east. (Anstis)

22 July 1791 – She sailed from St Helena. She was one of a number of Botany Baymen in the region at the time.

When the Warren Hastings sailed from False Bay on 19 July 1791, she left behind the following:

 • The Albemarle, Admiral Barrington, Queen, Active and Britannia of the Third Fleet.
 • The Neptune, on her way back from China, of the Second Fleet.
 • HMS Gorgon which had lately arrived from Europe.

When she sailed from St Helena on 6 August, she left there the Lady Juliana, on her way back from China. And the Scarborough and the Justinian, of the Second Fleet, had sailed several weeks earlier. (London Chronicle, 4 October 1791)

4 October 1791 – Benjamin Maitland wrote to the Navy Board advising the ship’s arrival at Dover. Mr Margetson informed the East India Company. (ADM106/2639, 7 October) (The date in the Navy Board Minutes is 4 June, but this must surely be incorrect.)

6 October 1791 – The Justinian, Maitland, arrived in the Downs. (LL, 7.10.91)

7 October 1791 – The Navy Board was advised of the Justinian’s arrival.

8 October 1791 – The Justinian arrived at Gravesend. (LL, 11.10.91)

10 October 1791 – The Navy Board advised Mr Bowen that the Justinian had arrived laden with teas and that she had been ordered to stop at Longreach for the delivery of the private trade on board. He was to examine in the best manner possible, the stowage of the ship and whether the Master had complied with his instructions, and reporting any failure. As she will be continued in pay at the expense of the public at a very high rate until the cargo was delivered, he was to ensure there was no delay in applying to the Customs House and to the East India Company for her clearance. (ADM106/2639)

- The Navy Board to the East India Company requesting that the Justinian be unloaded as soon as possible. (ADM106/2639)

24 October 1791 – In response to a letter from Mr Bowen, the Navy Board directed the Deptford Officers to send one of their craft on the 25th to take on board the kentledge and any other stores belonging to His Majesty and give the Master notice of discharge. (ADM106/2639)

25 October 1791 – Her teas were unloaded and she was cleared. (ADM106/3408/267-8)

28 October 1791 – The Navy Board advised the Deptford Officers that the kentledge could not be unloaded until it had been weighed in the presence of East India Company inspectors. (ADM106/2639)

- The kentledge was landed. (ADM106/3408/267-8)

11 November 1791 – Greenwich Hospital tax paid for the Justinian, Benjamin Maitland, from China. She was reported as a new ship. 400 tons, 36 men. (ADM68/206)

12 November 1791 – The East India Company inspectors did not attend to the weighing of the kentledge until this date. (ADM106/3408/267-8)

West India Trade?

1792 – Placed on the West Indies trade. (Hackman, p.134)

She disappears from the record – there is no mention of a ship of this name in the newspaper reports after the Second Fleet.